Governing Ethical Supply Chains Through Blockchain: A TOE-Grounded Empirical Study of Saudi SMEs and Vision 2030 Alignment
Article Info
Submitted: 2026-07-02
Published: 2026-07-15
Section: Articles
Language: EN
References
- Alshareef, N., & Tunio, M. N. (2022). Role of leadership in adoption of blockchain technology in small and medium enterprises in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 911432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911432
- Baker, J. (2012). The technology–organization–environment framework. In Y. K. Dwivedi, M. R. Wade, & S. L. Schneberger (Eds.), Information systems theory: Explaining and predicting our digital society, Vol. 1 (pp. 231–245). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6108-2_12
- Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
- Buell, R. W., & Norton, M. I. (2011). The labor illusion: How operational transparency increases perceived value. Management Science, 57(9), 1564–1579. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1376
- Carter, C. R., & Jennings, M. M. (2004). The role of purchasing in corporate social responsibility: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Business Logistics, 25(1), 145-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2004.tb00173.x
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
- DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
- Galbraith, J. R. (1974). Organization design: An information processing view. Interfaces, 4(3), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.4.3.28
- Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
- Hsu, S., Gligor, D., Garg, V., Gölgeci, I., & Choi, R.-J. (2025). Exploring supply chain capabilities as drivers for willingness to adopt blockchain technology using a TOE framework. Production Planning & Control, 36(16), 2382–2398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2025.2533186
- Kshetri, N. (2021). Blockchain and sustainable supply chain management in developing countries. International Journal of Information Management, 60, 102376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102376
- Kumar, S., Singh, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2019). Supply chain management in SMEs: A systematic literature review. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 26(6), 1929-1954.
- Li, W., Xiao, X., Yang, X., & Li, L. (2023). How Does Digital Transformation Impact Green Supply Chain Development? An Empirical Analysis Based on the TOE Theoretical Framework. Systems, 11(8), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11080416
- Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
- Pandey, S., & Pathak, D. K. (2025). An integrated model for blockchain... Journal of Enterprise Information Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-07-2023-0409
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
- Queiroz, M. M., & Wamba, S. F. (2019). Blockchain adoption challenges in supply chain: An empirical investigation of the main drivers in India and the USA. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.021
- Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117-2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261
- Tornatzky, L. G., & Fleischer, M. (1990). The processes of technological innovation. Lexington Books.
- Vision 2030. (2016). National Transformation Program. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. https://vision2030.dynamicgov.sa